{"id":101289,"date":"2017-09-12T06:47:37","date_gmt":"2017-09-12T04:47:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/remembering-the-blue-notes-south-africas-first-generation-of-free-jazz-the-conversation\/"},"modified":"2017-09-12T06:47:37","modified_gmt":"2017-09-12T04:47:37","slug":"remembering-the-blue-notes-south-africas-first-generation-of-free-jazz-the-conversation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/remembering-the-blue-notes-south-africas-first-generation-of-free-jazz-the-conversation\/","title":{"rendered":"Remembering the Blue Notes: South Africa&#8217;s first generation of free jazz | The Conversation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a target=\"_blank\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/remembering-the-blue-notes-south-africas-first-generation-of-free-jazz-83824\">Remembering the Blue Notes: South Africa&#8217;s first generation of free jazz<\/a>: <\/p>\n<figure><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/185496\/width496\/file-20170911-1323-1k3awnm.jpg\" \/><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">South African trumpeter, Marcus Wyatt.<\/span> <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Muntu Vilakazi\/Sunday Times<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u201cWe were all kind of rebels,\u201d drummer Louis Tebogo Moholo-Moholo recalls, \u201cso, like birds of a feather, [we] flocked together.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>He\u2019s talking about the Blue Notes, a multiracial modern jazz outfit formed in Cape Town in the early 1960s. White composer and pianist Chris McGregor joined forces with some of the most radical young black players on the city\u2019s scene: alto saxophonist Dudu Pukwana, tenor saxophonist Nikele Moyake, trumpeter Mongezi Feza, bassist Johnny Mbizo Dyani and Moholo-Moholo, the only original Blue Note still alive and working. <\/p>\n<figure>             <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_gnsZPppeIU?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Jazz drummer Louis Moholo-Moholo discussing playing under apartheid restrictions.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Apartheid restrictions and the defiant, joyful freedom of the group\u2019s music meant gigs were scarce, and the human tensions of operating in such a climate were corrosive. The Blue Notes left South Africa in 1964 for an engagement at the Antibes Jazz Festival in France. Moyake was forced home by ill-health shortly afterwards; the others stayed. <\/p>\n<p>Moholo-Moholo returned home in 2005. Despite international acclaim, he found performance space for his adventurous concepts in South Africa as scarce as it had ever been. Meanwhile, the recordings and achievements of the Blue Notes remained obscure in South Africa, while they are legendary in the European jazz community.<\/p>\n<h2>Music is gold<\/h2>\n<p>That\u2019s changing. On September 22, trumpeter Marcus Wyatt launches the debut recording of his Blue Notes Tribute Orkestra in Johannesburg. In a recent interview with me Wyattt declares the work of McGregor, Dyani, Pukwana and the rest as \u201cgold\u201d, <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Not many people knew about it, but it\u2019s music people should know.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>His project is just one flower of a slow growing interest in recovering the legacy that seems finally to be breaking into bloom.<\/p>\n<p>In Europe, the Blue Notes startled staid jazz scenes. Photographer Valerie Wilmer said they,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>literally upturned the London jazz scene, helping to create an exciting climate in which other young players could develop their own ideas about musical freedom.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Pianist Keith Tippett was one of those. He recalls performances at Ronnie Scott\u2019s 100 Club in London:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>We played with everybody, but the Blue Notes \u2013 sometimes more than other British musicians \u2013 enfolded us and encouraged us\u2026 there was an inherent freedom and flexibility in the playing, coupled with impressive technique and a robust muscularity I\u2019d never heard live before.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure class=\"align-right \">             <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/185505\/width237\/file-20170911-1368-1ywd063.jpg\"><figcaption>               <span class=\"caption\">Chris McGregor.<\/span>               <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Cuneiform Records<\/span><\/span>             <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Wilmer likened what landed in London to the sound of a \u201cSoweto shebeen\u201d \u2013 but that geography is out by a thousand kilometres. Ideas from the Xhosa music \u2013 complex rhythms; overtone singing; the oscillating harmonics of stretched bowstrings; a heterophony of voices, each cycling through its own sequence of notes and beats \u2013 have infused Eastern Cape jazz. From the work of pioneering bandleaders such as Christopher Columbus Ngcukana in the 1950s right through to current players such as Andile Yenana and Feya Faku.<\/p>\n<figure>             <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Lk2LdoPmu9U?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Andile Yenana and Feya Faku discuss the Xhosa Influence on South African jazz.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>What is still the sound of family ceremonies, even in the cities, fostered ways of hearing music \u2013 not as one straight line, but rather as a collection of braided paths \u2013 relevant and useful for young musicians exploring the relationship between freedom and collectivity in jazz.<\/p>\n<h2>Post-liberation generation<\/h2>\n<p>By the mid-1990s, post-liberation, a younger generation of South African jazz players were travelling, and hearing about the Blue Notes from musicians abroad. The late pianist Moses Molelekwa reflected in an interview I did with him in 1995: <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>I\u2019ve learned how you can just put musicians together in a room and make music that\u2019s good enough to record: free improvisation. People tell me Chris McGregor worked like this, but although he was a South African, I can\u2019t find his recordings here.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<figure class=\"align-center \">             <img decoding=\"async\" alt=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.theconversation.com\/files\/185499\/width754\/file-20170911-31764-19k08fv.jpg\"><figcaption>               <span class=\"caption\">The late pianist Moses Molelekwa.<\/span>               <span class=\"attribution\"><span class=\"source\">Mbuzeni Zulu\/Sowetan<\/span><\/span>             <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Saxophonist Zim Ngqawana (who died in 2011) called his own improvisation \u201csecond generation South African free jazz\u201d in , in acknowledgement of the first generation, which he\u2019d learned about from Moholo-Moholo during a tour to Norway in 1996.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s how it was for Wyatt too, initially introduced to the Blue Notes opus by South African-born reedman Sean Bergin in Amsterdam,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>though I\u2019d heard older musicians here talking, especially about Mongezi and Dudu.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>He describes the new album as,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>a heritage project: a tribute, not appropriation or a set of covers, but applying fresh voices and ideas to amazing material. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Wyatt\u2019s interest deepened when he was commissioned by Chimurenga\u2018s Ntone Edjabe to arrange Blue Notes music for a 2011 Johannesburg concert themed around exile and xenophobia.<\/p>\n<p>As Moholo-Moholo famously phrased it: <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>Exile is a fucker.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h2>History of exploitation<\/h2>\n<p>There\u2019s sensitivity in South Africa about appropriation; understandable in the context of a history of highly exploitative music industry relationships. In the course of untangling publishing rights for the material, Wyatt has consulted McGregor\u2019s widow, son and brother, and Moholo-Moholo, among others. He supports concerns about proper attribution: <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>That\u2019s important. You can \u2013 and should \u2013 claim royalties. But you can\u2019t claim music. Music is shared love, and when it spreads, it\u2019s one of the more positive viruses around.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Untangling rights wasn\u2019t the only challenge Wyatt faced. He says transcribing the music was also demanding,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>because of the denseness of the sound; the energy on the stage just taking it higher and higher.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Wyatt\u2019s project was recorded at the Birds Eye Club in Switzerland, with a Swiss\/South African ensemble comprising vocalist\/trombonist Siya Makuzeni, pianist Afrika Mkhize, reedmen Donat Fisch and Domenic Landolf, bassist Fabian Gisler and drummer Ayanda Sikade.<\/p>\n<figure>             <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/zRW4Gc0HOp4?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">The Blue Notes Tribute Orkestra performing Dudu Pukwana\u2019s \u2018Angel Nomali\u2019.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>The personnel won\u2019t stay constant in live performances. Wyatt envisages the kind of moveable feast McGregor later presided over in his later big band, the Brotherhood of Breath, showcasing the highly individual strengths of different soloists. But that individuality was always grounded in the shared musical understanding the Blue Notes hammered out in their work together:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>They really were a band and you can hear it. Sometimes groups here forget that and offer \u2018free\u2019 music without that bedrock.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Wyatt\u2019s album is not the only project in the pipeline descended from South Africa\u2019s first generation of free jazz. Pianist Nduduzo Makhathini has recently spoken of a growing interest in the music of the Blue Notes. And Moholo-Moholo himself has finally found the right collaborators with whom to record in South Africa: in late October he will preside over the launch of the \u201cBorn to Be Black\u201d album with the African Freedom Ensemble, formed by new-generation trumpeter Mandla Mlangeni.<\/p>\n<figure>             <iframe loading=\"lazy\" width=\"440\" height=\"260\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cquVBB0DdSk?wmode=transparent&amp;start=0\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><figcaption><span class=\"caption\">Louis Moholo-Moholo with an early version of \u2018Born to be Black\u2019.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Wyatt searches for a while to find precisely the right words for what he finds so compelling about the Blue Notes\u2019 music. Eventually, he settles on a paradoxical combination: <\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>relentless energy \u2013 they definitely weren\u2019t a band who looked at their watches to see how long they\u2019d played!<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Plus,<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p>being completely comfortable in the free space.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>Possibly, that\u2019s a lesson that needs to come home in political as well as musical terms.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/counter.theconversation.edu.au\/content\/83824\/count.gif\" alt=\"The Conversation\" width=\"1\" height=\"1\" \/> <\/p>\n<p class=\"fine-print\"><em><span>Gwen Ansell does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond the academic appointment above.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><small><strong>Source:<\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\" href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\/remembering-the-blue-notes-south-africas-first-generation-of-free-jazz-83824\">The Conversation \u2013 Articles (AFRICA)<\/a><\/small><br \/>\n<\/p>\n<p>Read more on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/theconversation.com\" target=\"_blank\">The Conversation<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Join the fun:<\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/add-your-event\/\">Add Your event<\/a> | <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mypr.co.za\/submit\">Submit a Press Release<\/a> | <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/directory\/\">Add your listing<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Remembering the Blue Notes: South Africa&#8217;s first generation of free jazz: South African trumpeter, Marcus Wyatt. Muntu Vilakazi\/Sunday Times \u201cWe were all kind of rebels,\u201d drummer Louis Tebogo Moholo-Moholo recalls, \u201cso, like birds of a feather, [we] flocked together.\u201d He\u2019s talking about the Blue Notes, a multiracial modern jazz outfit formed in Cape Town in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4584],"tags":[4635,3589,8890,3944,3053,9128,8304,19918,6718,3576],"class_list":{"0":"post-101289","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-africa-news-2","7":"tag-africas","8":"tag-blue","9":"tag-conversation","10":"tag-first","11":"tag-free","12":"tag-generation","13":"tag-jazz","14":"tag-notes","15":"tag-remembering","16":"tag-south","17":"entry"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101289","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101289"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101289\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101289"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101289"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101289"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}