{"id":112443,"date":"2018-04-04T22:47:38","date_gmt":"2018-04-04T20:47:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/why-giving-south-africas-chiefs-more-power-adds-to-land-dispossession-the-conversation\/"},"modified":"2018-04-04T22:47:38","modified_gmt":"2018-04-04T20:47:38","slug":"why-giving-south-africas-chiefs-more-power-adds-to-land-dispossession-the-conversation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/why-giving-south-africas-chiefs-more-power-adds-to-land-dispossession-the-conversation\/","title":{"rendered":"Why giving South Africa’s chiefs more power adds to land dispossession | The Conversation"},"content":{"rendered":"

Why giving South Africa’s chiefs more power adds to land dispossession<\/a>: <\/p>\n

Chief Nyalala Pilane of Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela has been accused of corruption regarding mining royalties. <\/span> The Star\/Simphiwe Mbokaz<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Power over rural land has become more and more concentrated in the hands of local chiefs in post-apartheid South Africa. <\/p>\n

This is particularly so in areas that are earmarked for mining. <\/p>\n

I have spent more than a decade studying the multiple impacts of platinum mining on rural communities in the North West and Limpopo provinces. The research has revealed widespread grassroots discontent, significant resistance to mining expansion and to local chiefs, and mounting exclusive group claims over the platinum-rich land. <\/p>\n

This matters because mining affects the livelihoods of millions of South Africans. That South Africa holds unparalleled reserves of platinum group metals reserves is well known. <\/p>\n

But platinum hasn\u2019t been an economic saviour for the ordinary residents in the mine villages who face grim living conditions. Most are characterised by extreme poverty, severe inequalities and high unemployment.<\/p>\n

This is even though some of these communities have been recipients of substantial mining revenues. But these are controlled and distributed by local traditional authorities, known as chiefs, who have positioned themselves as custodians of rural land and mineral resources. They have done so in collusion with the state and mining companies.<\/p>\n

This is not as it should be. Distributive power over land doesn\u2019t rest exclusively with chiefs. There are multiple layers of power that rests in different social units, families (and individuals within them). Most importantly, chiefs have never had powers to alienate land rights from ordinary residents.<\/p>\n

African land rights are acquired through membership to a group \u2013 a productive and social unit such as a family or clan.<\/p>\n

Once allocated, land rights were passed from one generation to the next. It is at the level of this unit that, by and large, decisions about distribution of such rights were taken in precolonial times.<\/p>\n

The law and chiefs<\/h2>\n

The post-1994 African National Congress (ANC) government at first vacillated about defining and codifying the powers and status of chiefs. But it eventually passed legislation that significantly increased the powers of chiefs in rural local governance. <\/p>\n

The main piece of legislation that did this was the Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act of 2003. It reenacts traditional (\u201ctribal\u201d) authorities to preside over precisely the same geographic areas that were defined by the apartheid government. But there\u2019s ambiguity around what the powers the act actually gives chiefs. It has been interpreted as giving them and their traditional councils powers over the administration and control of communal land and natural resources, economic development, health, and welfare, and to administer justice.<\/p>\n

In fact the law doesn\u2019t directly grant chiefs power and control over communal land and landed resources. But it\u2019s been interpreted that way. <\/p>\n

The case of the chiefs\u2019 control over mining revenues on the platinum belt epitomises the contradiction.<\/p>\n

Chiefs gain the upper hand<\/h2>\n

Over the last 30 years a new trend began to evolve. Local chiefs began to enter into deals with mining companies on behalf of rural communities on the platinum belt. Chiefs, as assumed custodians of communal resources, became mediators of mineral-led development and mining deals.<\/p>\n

This trend can be traced back to the Bafokeng community\u2019s momentous court victory over mining royalties in the 1999. The Bafokeng chieftaincy secured enormous mineral royalties \u2013 ostensibly on behalf of the entire community. <\/p>\n

Such a victory ushered this rural community, which some have labelled \u201cthe richest tribe in Africa\u201d, into a new era of platinum revenues and corporate assets worth billions of rand. <\/p>\n

Several rural communities on platinum rich land in the North West and Limpopo provinces have followed the Bafokeng example.<\/p>\n

But these developments haven\u2019t been without problems. The mediation and control of mining revenues by local chiefs has generated significant tensions and conflict in the villages that host vast mining operations. <\/p>\n

Lack of transparency and accountability, plus serious allegations of corruption have been levelled against chiefs. For instance, Kgosi (chief) Nyalala Pilane of the Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela community \u2013 perhaps even more than any other chief in South Africa \u2013 has been the subject of a litany of maladministration and corruption allegations. <\/p>\n

The combined value of the assets of the largely SeTswana-speaking Bakgatla community, who reside in 32 impoverished villages scattered all over the north eastern foothills of the Pilanesburg Mountains, are estimated at R25 billion . Yet the members of the community have yet to realise the benefits.<\/p>\n

Mining expansion has also produced significant resistance to Kgosi Pilane\u2019s control over land. Groups of villagers have made strong claims over some of the mineral rich farms, where some of the largest mining operations are situated. They assert that these farms were bought by their forefathers as private property and so never should have been designated \u201ctribal\u201d land. <\/p>\n

Many of these land disputes have been fought in the courts. So far, the chief has been able to hire top lawyers. He has successfully interdicted and pressed charges against activists who have called him to account.<\/p>\n

Resistance<\/h2>\n

The assumption that chiefs are custodians of rural land and mineral wealth \u2013 and as such can distribute and alienate land rights and sign complex mining deals on behalf of rural residents \u2013 has no precolonial precedent. It\u2019s no surprise that ordinary people are resisting chiefly power over their property. <\/p>\n

It\u2019s even more crucial to closely examine and understand the character of power over land and landed resources as rural land increasingly becomes a target for large scale resource extraction. What needs attention is how ordinary rural residents articulate what leading land academic Ben Cousins calls the \u201csocially legitimate\u201d and historical \u201cprocesses through which power over land is conferred\u201d to different groups and individuals. <\/p>\n

There is an urgent need to examine how Africans historically accessed, shared, controlled, distributed and defended their rights to land. These customary processes must be used to guide the recording of land rights, consultation and compensation before mining can begin. <\/p>\n

Any attempt to legally empower the rural poor by securing their land rights should begin with a full understanding of these processes. Centralising this power in the hands of chiefs is another form of dispossession.<\/p>\n

This article is part of a series on land reform in Africa.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"The <\/p>\n

Sonwabile Mnwana receives funding from the Open Society Foundation, South Africa and the Ford Foundation. He is affiliated with the Society, Work and Development Institute, University of the Witwatersrand. <\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Source:<\/strong> The Conversation \u2013 Articles (AFRICA)<\/a><\/small>
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Why giving South Africa’s chiefs more power adds to land dispossession: Chief Nyalala Pilane of Bakgatla-ba-Kgafela has been accused of corruption regarding mining royalties. The Star\/Simphiwe Mbokaz Power over rural land has become more and more concentrated in the hands of local chiefs in post-apartheid South Africa. This is particularly so in areas that are […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4584],"tags":[9355,4635,6965,8890,29918,14338,4570,3432,2368,3576],"class_list":{"0":"post-112443","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-africa-news-2","7":"tag-adds","8":"tag-africas","9":"tag-chiefs","10":"tag-conversation","11":"tag-dispossession","12":"tag-giving","13":"tag-land","14":"tag-more","15":"tag-power","16":"tag-south","17":"entry"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112443","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=112443"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/112443\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=112443"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=112443"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=112443"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}