{"id":157817,"date":"2020-03-05T18:47:39","date_gmt":"2020-03-05T16:47:39","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/theres-a-complex-history-of-skin-lighteners-in-africa-and-beyond-the-conversation\/"},"modified":"2020-03-05T18:47:39","modified_gmt":"2020-03-05T16:47:39","slug":"theres-a-complex-history-of-skin-lighteners-in-africa-and-beyond-the-conversation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/theres-a-complex-history-of-skin-lighteners-in-africa-and-beyond-the-conversation\/","title":{"rendered":"There’s a complex history of skin lighteners in Africa and beyond | The Conversation"},"content":{"rendered":"

There’s a complex history of skin lighteners in Africa and beyond<\/a>: <\/p>\n

Detail of book cover<\/span> Wits University Press<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Somali-American activists recently scored a victory against Amazon and against colourism, which is prejudice based on preference for people with lighter skin tones. Members of the non-profit The Beautywell Project teamed up with the Sierra Club to convince the online retail giant to stop selling skin lightening products that contain mercury.<\/p>\n

After more than a year of protests, this coalition of antiracist, health, and environmental activists persuaded Amazon to remove some 15 products containing toxic levels of mercury. This puts a small but noteworthy dent in the global trade in skin lighteners, estimated to reach US$ 31.2 billion by 2024.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Amira Adawe, an activist with The Beautywell Project pickets outside Amazon.<\/span> Amira Adawe<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

What are the roots of this sizeable trade? And how might its most toxic elements be curtailed?<\/p>\n

The online sale of skin lighteners is relatively new, but the in-person traffic is very old. My new book explores this layered history from the vantage point of South Africa.<\/p>\n

As in other parts of the world colonised by European powers, the politics of skin colour in South Africa have been importantly shaped by the history of white supremacy and institutions of racial slavery, colonialism, and segregation. My book examines that history.<\/p>\n

Yet, racism alone cannot explain skin lightening practices. My book also attends to intersecting dynamics of class and gender, changing beauty ideals and the expansion of consumer capitalism.<\/p>\n

A deep history of skin whitening and lightening<\/h2>\n

For centuries and even millennia, elites used paints and powders to create smoother, paler appearances, unblemished by illness and the sun\u2019s darkening and roughening effects.<\/p>\n

Cosmetic users in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome created dramatic appearances by pairing skin whiteners containing lead or chalk with black eye makeup and red lip colourants. In China and Japan too, elite women and some men used white lead preparations and rice powder to achieve complexions resembling white jade or fresh lychee.<\/p>\n

\"\"
In this 1623 portrait by Anthony van Dyck, Elena Grimaldi\u2019s regal whiteness is underscored by a dark-toned servant.<\/span> Wikimedia Commons<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Skin lighteners generate a less painted look than skin whiteners by removing rather than concealing blemished or melanin-rich skin. Melanin is the biochemical compound that makes skin colourful.<\/p>\n

Active ingredients in skin lighteners have ranged from acidic compounds like lemon juice and milk to harsher chemicals like sulfur, arsenic, and mercury. In parts of precolonial Southern Africa, some people used mineral and botanical preparations to brighten \u2013 rather than whiten or lighten \u2013 their skin and hair.<\/p>\n

During the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, skin colour and associated physical difference were used to distinguish enslaved people from free, and to justify the former\u2019s oppression. Colonisers cast melanin-rich hues as the embodiment of ugliness and inferiority. Within this racist political order, some sought to whiten and lighten their complexions.<\/p>\n

By the twentieth century, mass-produced skin lightening creams ranked among the world\u2019s most popular cosmetics. Consumers included white, black, and brown women.<\/p>\n

\"\"
This ad appeared in an issue of the Central and East African edition of Drum magazine.<\/span> Duke University Press<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

In the 1920s and 1930s, many white consumers swapped skin lighteners for tanning lotions as time spent sunbathing and playing outdoors became a sign of a healthy and leisured lifestyle. Seasonal tanning embodied new forms of white privilege.<\/p>\n

Skin lighteners became primarily associated with people of colour. For black and brown consumers, living in places like the United States and South Africa where racism and colourism have flourished, even slight differences in skin colour could carry political and social consequences.<\/p>\n

The mercury effect<\/h2>\n

Skin lighteners can be physically harmful. Mercury, one of their most common active ingredients, lightens skin in two ways. It inhibits the formation of melanin by rendering the enzyme tyrosinase inactive; and it exfoliates the tanned, outer layers of the skin through the production of hydrochloric acid.<\/p>\n

By the early twentieth century, pharmaceutical and medical textbooks recommended mercury \u2013 usually in the form of ammoniated mercury \u2013 for treating skin infections and dark spots while often warning of its harmful effects. Cosmetic manufacturers marketed creams containing ammoniated mercury as \u201cfreckle removers\u201d or \u201cskin bleaches\u201d.<\/p>\n

When the US Congress passed the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act in 1938, such creams were among the first to be regulated.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Part of Twins\u2019s success lay in their recruitment of hawkers to sell their products in townships. Bona, May 1959.<\/span> Duke University Press<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

After World War II, the negative environmental and health impact of mercury became more apparent. The devastating case of mercury poisoning caused by industrial wastewater in Minamata, Japan, prompted the Food and Drug Administration to take a closer look at mercury\u2019s toxicity, including in cosmetics. Here was a visceral instance of what environmentalist Rachel Carson meant about small, domestic choices making the world uninhabitable.<\/p>\n

In 1973, the administration banned all but trace amounts of mercury from cosmetics. Other countries followed suit. South Africa banned mercurial cosmetics in 1975, the European Economic Union in 1976, and Nigeria in 1982. The trade in skin lighteners, nonetheless, continued as other active ingredients \u2013 most notably hydroquinone \u2013 replaced ammoniated mercury.<\/p>\n

Meanwhile in South Africa<\/h2>\n

\"\"
A full-color. In the early 1960s, colour photography and printing saw skin lightener ads feature a range of light brown and reddish skintones. Drum, September 1961.<\/span> Duke University Press<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/p>\n

In apartheid South Africa, the trade was especially robust. Skin lighteners ranked among the most commonly used personal products in black urban households. During the 1980s, activists inspired by Black Consciousness and the sentiment \u201cBlack is Beautiful\u201d teamed up with concerned medical professionals to make opposition to skin lighteners part of the anti-apartheid movement.<\/p>\n

In the early 1990s, activists convinced the government to ban all cosmetic skin lighteners containing known depigmenting agents \u2013 and to prohibit cosmetic advertisements from making any claims to \u201cbleach\u201d, \u201clighten\u201d or \u201cwhiten\u201d skin. This prohibition was the first of its kind and the regulations immediately shuttered the in-country manufacture of skin lighteners.<\/p>\n

South Africa\u2019s regulations testify to the broader antiracist political movement from which they emerged. Thirty years on, however, South Africa again possesses a robust \u2013 if now illicit \u2013 trade in skin lighteners. An especially disturbing element is the resurgence of mercurial products.<\/p>\n

\"\"
<\/span> Wits University Press<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

South African researchers have found that over 40% of skin lighteners sold in Durban and Cape Town contain mercury.<\/p>\n

The activists\u2019 recent victory against Amazon suggests one way forward. They took out a full-page ad in a local newspaper denouncing Amazon\u2019s sale of mercurial skin lighteners as \u201cdangerous, racist, and illegal.\u201d A petition with 23,000 signatures was hand-delivered to the company\u2019s Minnesota office.<\/p>\n

By combining antiracist, health, and environmentalist arguments, activists held one of the world\u2019s most powerful companies accountable. They also brought the toxic presence of mercurial skin lighteners to public awareness and made them more difficult to purchase.<\/p>\n

Lynn M. Thomas\u2019s latest book Beneath the Surface: A Transnational History of Skin Lighteners is available from Wits University Press. You can buy a copy over here.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"The <\/p>\n

Lynn M. Thomas does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

Source:<\/strong> The Conversation \u2013 Articles (AFRICA)<\/a><\/small>
\n<\/p>\n

Read more on The Conversation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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There’s a complex history of skin lighteners in Africa and beyond: Detail of book cover Wits University Press Somali-American activists recently scored a victory against Amazon and against colourism, which is prejudice based on preference for people with lighter skin tones. Members of the non-profit The Beautywell Project teamed up with the Sierra Club to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4584],"tags":[428,7615,10649,8890,6376,32746,9801,3839],"class_list":{"0":"post-157817","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","6":"category-africa-news-2","7":"tag-africa","8":"tag-beyond","9":"tag-complex","10":"tag-conversation","11":"tag-history","12":"tag-lighteners","13":"tag-skin","14":"tag-theres","15":"entry"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157817","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=157817"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/157817\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=157817"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=157817"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=157817"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}