{"id":220723,"date":"2022-03-29T19:36:18","date_gmt":"2022-03-29T17:36:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/timbuktu-manuscripts-placed-online-are-only-a-sliver-of-west-africas-ancient-archive\/"},"modified":"2022-03-29T19:36:18","modified_gmt":"2022-03-29T17:36:18","slug":"timbuktu-manuscripts-placed-online-are-only-a-sliver-of-west-africas-ancient-archive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/timbuktu-manuscripts-placed-online-are-only-a-sliver-of-west-africas-ancient-archive\/","title":{"rendered":"Timbuktu manuscripts placed online are only a sliver of West Africa’s ancient archive"},"content":{"rendered":"

The ancient Timbuktu<\/a> manuscripts of Mali were back in the headlines following internet giant Google\u2019s initiative to host a collection<\/a> of them at an online gallery. The images of the documents, text in Arabic, can be found at a page called Mali Magic<\/a>. <\/p>\n

No place in West Africa has attracted more attention and resources than the city that has always captivated the imagination of the outside world, Timbuktu. There have been documentaries and books, academic studies and a renewed public interest since some of Timbuktu\u2019s world heritage status<\/a> buildings were damaged in attacks<\/a> in 2012. The manuscripts, themselves, some reputed to date as early as the 1400s, were threatened and the international community responded.<\/p>\n

While Mali Magic displays 45 very photogenic manuscripts from one private library, the site doesn\u2019t begin to tell the full story of the wealth of West Africa\u2019s manuscripts that are found from the Atlantic to Lake Chad. <\/p>\n

But thanks to decades of scholarship and, recently, digitisation, that information is now accessible at a bilingual, open-access, online union catalogue of nearly 80,000 manuscripts at the West African Arabic Manuscript Database<\/a>. This is a resource I began 30 years ago at the University of Illinois that now provides students access to most of the titles and authors that make up West Africa\u2019s manuscript culture. <\/p>\n

It\u2019s at this website that one can access the archive of an association of 35 private Timbuktu manuscript libraries \u2013 called SAVAMA-DCI<\/a>. The association has been working with universities on three continents to secure and record, now digitally, their Arabic and Arabic-script manuscripts.<\/p>\n

\n

Read more: Timbuktu destruction: landmark ruling awards millions to Malians<\/a> <\/strong> <\/em>\n<\/p>\n

\n

The West African Arabic Manuscript Database provides an even bigger picture. It is a comprehensive inventory of over 100 public and private West African manuscript libraries. In it, we find one-third of all extant manuscripts with known authors (314 titles), written by 204 scholars, one-quarter of them from West Africa. Most of these manuscripts come from the 1800s, but have very deep historical roots. <\/p>\n

The full story of West Africa\u2019s manuscript culture and Islamic learning centres will finally be known when the attention that is lavished on Timbuktu\u2019s manuscripts is also given to libraries in neighbouring Mauritania, Niger and Nigeria. But we already know a good deal.<\/p>\n

Centres of learning<\/h2>\n

Earliest contact between North Africa and Timbuktu focused on West Africa\u2019s gold trade. This commerce also brought Islamic teachings across the Sahara Desert. The first reference to manuscripts in Timbuktu was in the 1400s, contributing to the mystique that has always enveloped the city as a centre of Islamic education. <\/p>\n

In fact, Timbuktu was only one of several southern Saharan towns that attracted scholars and offered Islamic learning. In the 1500s, what is called Timbuktu\u2019s \u2018Golden Age<\/a>\u2019, its famous scholars were known across North Africa. <\/p>\n

That period waned, but Arabic learning revived again in the 1800s across West Africa in the wake of several Islamic reform movements that stretched from today\u2019s Guinea and the Senegal River Valley to Northern Nigeria. Today\u2019s older manuscripts in West Africa mainly date from this period.<\/p>\n

With the decline of scholarship in Timbuktu in the 1600s, Islamic learning emerged in nomadic centres to the west (in today\u2019s Mauritania). There\u2019s also a national collection of manuscripts<\/a> in Mauritania that is based on the contents of 80-odd private libraries. They give us a good idea of what was traditionally found in manuscript libraries.<\/p>\n

What\u2019s in West Africa\u2019s manuscripts?<\/h2>\n

The exact subject matter in each of the categories would vary somewhat from one library to the next. But the dominant subject \u2013 legal writing \u2013 tended to account for one-quarter to one-third of all the manuscripts. <\/p>\n

West Africa\u2019s manuscript culture evolved, for the most part, outside any state system. In the absence of a central authority, juridical matters were dispensed by local legal scholars who could cite precedent, case law, to resolve thorny problems. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n
\"A<\/div>\n

<\/a>

Traditional mosque in the Timbuktu area.<\/span> Photo by Michel HUET\/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images<\/span><\/span> <\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

The next most important subject in the manuscripts deals with the Prophet Muhammad, mainly biographical and devotional writing. The ratios of manuscripts dealing with mysticism (Sufism); the Qur\u2019an (including copies of the Holy Book) especially recitation styles; Arabic language (lexicology, syntax, prosody, pre-Islamic poetry); and theology vary, each subject accounting for 7% to 13% of the manuscripts in most libraries.<\/p>\n

Locally-written poetry and literature is generally the smallest slice of manuscripts, albeit \u2013 with correspondence \u2013 some of the most interesting. Oddly, the subject of history, like geography, is almost entirely ignored in many collections. <\/p>\n

This reminds us, that Arabic and by extension, Arabic script was at base a religious language used for religious purposes, and its use for secular subjects was not common.<\/p>\n

The power of the Arabic alphabet<\/h2>\n

More significant than these Islamic sciences, or disciplines, are the uses to which the Arabic alphabet was applied across West Africa. Arabic uses a phonetic alphabet; each letter always produces the same sound. What this means is that the Arabic script can be used to write any language. <\/p>\n

To explain the Arabic of the Qur\u2019an, teachers frequently translated key words into the students\u2019 African language (written in Arabic script). Many West African manuscripts that were used in teaching show these interlineal insertions. From this practice it was an easy step to write classic legends, or memory aids, or poetry in African languages \u2013 all in Arabic script.<\/p>\n

The name this writing is given in Arabic is \u201c`ajam\u012b\u201d (writing in a foreign language). These manuscripts make up about 15% of most collections in West Africa today.<\/p>\n

\n

Read more: These African World Heritage Sites are under threat from climate change<\/a> <\/strong> <\/em>\n<\/p>\n

\n

In some areas, whole Arabic books are available in `ajam\u012b form. The African languages that have been adapted to Arabic script are many, including: Fulfulde, Sonink\u00e9, Wolof, Hausa, Bambara, Yoruba, and the colloquial Arabic spoken in Mauritania, Hasaniyya. <\/p>\n

In recent times, `ajami writing has been increasingly used, but in historic manuscripts its use tended to focus on traditional healing methods, the properties of plants, the occult sciences and poetry.<\/p>\n

More to come<\/h2>\n

Google\u2019s new online library is drawn from the collection of SAVAMA-DCI\u2019s director, Abdel Kader Haidara. In 2013, he entered a partnership with the Hill Museum and Manuscript Library, based in Minnesota, US, to digitise his and 23 other family libraries in Timbuktu. <\/p>\n

This is a bigger project that will eventually make available 242,000 manuscripts freely, online, complete with the scholarly apparatus and search capacity necessary for their scientific use. <\/p>\n

Additional plans call for that project to include libraries at the town\u2019s three main mosques, and Mali\u2019s other centre of Islamic culture, Djenn\u00e9. Already, over 15,000 manuscripts<\/a> are accessible for scholars. Opening these manuscripts to scholars around the world to learn about the intellectual life in Africa before colonial rule promises to help re-balance the continent\u2019s place in world history.<\/p>\n

Source: The Conversation<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The ancient Timbuktu manuscripts of Mali were back in the headlines following internet giant Google\u2019s initiative to host a collection of them at an online gallery. The images of the documents, text in Arabic, can be found at a page called Mali Magic. No place in West Africa has attracted more attention and resources than […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":220724,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[4584],"tags":[3257],"class_list":{"0":"post-220723","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-africa-news-2","8":"tag-mypr","9":"entry"},"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/timbuktu-manuscripts-placed-online-are-only-a-sliver-of-west-africas-ancient-archive.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220723","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=220723"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/220723\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/220724"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=220723"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=220723"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.myza.co.za\/press\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=220723"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}